What are Technology Readiness Levels?
Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) are a systematic measurement system used to assess the maturity level of a particular technology. Originally developed by NASA in the 1970s, TRLs provide a standardized way to evaluate and communicate the development status of technologies across different industries, from basic research to full deployment.
The 9 TRL Levels
TRL 1 – Basic Principles Observed
- Description: Basic scientific research begins to be translated into applied research and development
- Characteristics: Scientific knowledge generates ideas for potential applications
- Example: Publishing a paper on a new material property that could be useful for energy storage
TRL 2 – Technology Concept Formulated
- Description: Practical applications can be invented and initial technology concepts are formulated
- Characteristics: Applications are speculative and there may be no proof or detailed analysis
- Example: Identifying how a new material could be used in battery technology
TRL 3 – Experimental Proof of Concept
- Description: Active research and development is initiated, including analytical studies and laboratory studies
- Characteristics: First laboratory tests validate that the concept works
- Example: Laboratory demonstration that the new material can store electrical energy
TRL 4 – Technology Validated in Lab
- Description: Basic technological components are integrated to establish that they will work together
- Characteristics: Laboratory testing of prototype components in a controlled environment
- Example: Building a small prototype battery using the new material and testing its performance
TRL 5 – Technology Validated in Relevant Environment
- Description: Technology components and/or basic technology subsystems are integrated with realistic supporting elements
- Characteristics: Testing in simulated or actual environments that closely represent the intended application
- Example: Testing the prototype battery in conditions similar to real-world use (temperature, humidity, etc.)
TRL 6 – Technology Demonstrated in Relevant Environment
- Description: Representative model or prototype system is tested in a relevant environment
- Characteristics: Major functions of the technology are demonstrated in operational environment
- Example: Installing the battery system in a test facility that mimics real operational conditions
TRL 7 – System Prototype Demonstration
- Description: Prototype near or at planned operational system demonstrated in operational environment
- Characteristics: Prototype is at or near the scale of the operational system
- Example: Testing a full-scale battery system in an actual operational environment
TRL 8 – System Complete and Qualified
- Description: Technology has been proven to work in its final form and under expected conditions
- Characteristics: The Actual system is completed and qualified through test and demonstration
- Example: Battery system passes all qualification tests and regulatory approvals
TRL 9 – Actual System Proven in Operational Environment
- Description: Actual application of the technology in its final form and under mission conditions
- Characteristics: The System is in commercial production and operational use
- Example: A Battery system is manufactured and successfully deployed in the market
Key Benefits of Using TRLs
Risk Assessment
- Helps identify technical risks at each development stage
- Enables better resource allocation and timeline planning
- Facilitates informed decision-making about technology investments
Communication Tool
- Provides a common language for discussing technology maturity
- Allows effective communication between technical teams, management, and stakeholders
- Standardises progress reporting across different projects
Project Management
- Helps set realistic milestones and expectations
- Enables better coordination between different development phases
- Supports gate reviews and go/no-go decisions
Industry Applications
Aerospace & Defence: Original application domain, still widely used for space missions and military technology development
Energy: Renewable energy technologies, energy storage systems, and smart grid technologies
Healthcare: Medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology applications
Information Technology: Software systems, cybersecurity solutions, and emerging technologies
Manufacturing: Process innovations, automation technologies, and quality control systems
Best Practices for TRL Assessment
Objective Evaluation
- Use clear, measurable criteria for each TRL level
- Involve independent reviewers when possible
- Document evidence supporting the TRL assessment
Regular Updates
- Reassess TRL levels as development progresses
- Update stakeholders on changes in technology maturity
- Use TRL progression to track development success
Integration with Project Planning
- Align TRL assessments with project milestones
- Consider TRL levels when planning resources and timelines
- Use TRLs to identify critical path activities
Limitations and Considerations
While TRLs are valuable tools, they have limitations. They primarily focus on technical maturity, but may not fully capture market readiness, regulatory compliance, or economic viability. Additionally, TRL assessments can be subjective and may vary between evaluators.
For a comprehensive technology assessment, TRLs should be used in conjunction with other evaluation frameworks, such as Manufacturing Readiness Levels (MRL) or Commercial Readiness Index (CRI).
